Movie Review Fight Club

Movie description An adaptation of a novel of the same name authored by Chuck Palahniuk in 1996, the American film â€Å"Fight Club† was released three years later in 1999. This uniquely grotesque storyline was brought to life on the big screen by director David Fincher and some of Hollywood’s most profound actors; Brad Pitt, Edward Norton and Helena Bonham Carter. The box office disappointment raised the eyebrows of critics as â€Å"Fight Club† became the most controversially talked about films. According to academic critics, the 1999 film portrays instances of consumerism and European fascism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Review: Fight Club specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The film’s main characters; the nameless narrator (Norton), an employee of a travelling automobile company suffers from insomnia, Tyler Durden (Pitt), a soap salesman, who is a figment of the nameless narr ator’s imagination and Marla Singer (Carter), a drug addict who ends up as the narrator’s love interest. The doctor of the nameless narrator refuses to treat his insomniac condition with medication, but instead refers him to visit support groups to watch other people’s suffering. The narrator did just that, he went to a variety of support groups inclusive of a group for testicular cancer victims. He pretended to be a victim and to his surprise found emotional relief. It was at one of these meetings that he came across Marla Singer who was an imposter like himself. He negotiated with her to avoid meeting at the same place (Fight Club Film). Upon his return from a business trip, he discovered that his condo had been destroyed by fire. He was devastated. Luckily for him, he had met Tyler Durden on the flight home, a homemade soap salesman who was able to host the homeless narrator at his rundown apartment. Twistedly, the severity of the narrator’s illness ma de him unaware that Tyler was a personality he created in his head and that this personality was on a mission to put an end to commercialism by whatever means. They are in fact disassociated personalities trapped in the same body. The minute the narrator is asleep; Tyler takes advantage and begins to dominate his body. In one scene, outside a club, Tyler requested that the narrator hit him and they both engaged in a fist fight. It started to get habitual for both men to have fist fights outside the club which started to draw spectators who later became members. That was the birth of the fight club and all the mayhem of this movie (Kozlowski) Sociological Concepts of the movie The many concepts of sociology are related to the many interactions and development of people. The movie provided a lot of occurrences where sociological concepts were expressed and this gave the movie some amount of substance. Five most represented sociological concepts of the movie includes; violence, groups, consumerism, commercialism and fascism.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Violence The concept of violence was an ever present in the movie. It was used to convey and at the same time act as a symbolic metaphor of the conflict between generations and the advertised norms and folkways of society. In other words, the conflict between the generations and what is ‘expected’ of them. During the movie, the narrator knows no happiness and engages in the underground men-only boxing club, which may get really violent as a means of expressing himself. Viewers may notice also that at the start of the movie, the mentally ill narrator killed his parents, and with the influence of Tyler Durden â€Å"killed† his God and then he killed Tyler Durden who was his teacher. Groups The narrator never ideally fit into any groups in society. He felt somewhat alienated and defeated. He is desperately trying to fit in by being something he is not. This explains why he was so riveted in the establishment of the fist fighting group. In this group, shirtless men beat each other in messes of blood. His life was boring and without meaning, he spent his days at a job he despised and nights ransacking mail order catalogs feverishly trying to give his life some meaning. His illness also leads him to promote the fight club as a way to feel powerful. (Fight Club Fascist). Consumerism According to Matthew Briggs’ review on the movie, the concept of consumerism was conveyed at the time of the explosion of the narrator’s condo. The narrator related that the destruction of his condo is not just the destruction of a bunch of things but the destruction of himself as well. The movie addressed the excessive consumerism as a sign of emotional emptiness and self distinction. The movie portrays him as someone who buys things to fill his emotional voids, because he didnâ €™t have any friends or family. His possessions defined him thus giving him a consumer identity. Tyler tried to teach the narrator (who by the way is sometimes referred to as Jack) that his possessions and his job doesn’t define him as an individual. The film also asserted the fact that many individuals in society seek to replace spiritual happiness with material possessions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Review: Fight Club specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Commercialism Fincher’s adaptation of the novel showcased wildly issue of how commercialism and consumerism affected our societies. One of Tyler’s main goals in the film was to put an end to commercialism. Viewers will notice that the character’s aim had him moving rampantly about in the movie, desperate to and destroying buildings which contained financial records for credit cards in an effort to eliminate societyâ€⠄¢s debt (Interpretations of fight club). Fascism A fascist concept was also prevalent in the film ‘fight club’ and according to newspeak dictionary, the film is fascist in a sense that the violence portrayed is ideal and above the pre-existing forms of civilizations. This concept is relative to the character Tyler whose vision of the future was to return to an idealized past, not taking into consideration, the problems which that era underwent. He considers the past as an era that had no corporations; therefore there was no promotion of consumerism. To achieve this, he utilized methods such as violence and destruction. Sociological value of the movie Not the typical action movie of everyday life, â€Å"Fight Club† incorporates many of the sociological issues societies are facing. If the film’s messages are interpreted correctly, the movie can have notably and high sociological value. The storyline can be related to by many individuals who are seeking to f ind their true identity, are materialistic or even narcissist. The concepts may not always be expressed positively, but they all flowed cohesively to convey the many messages of the film. Critics bashed the movie because it overstressed the fact that the society was consumerist, but for many people who watch the film, it helps them to feel less inferior to the more accomplished classes of people. It also teaches them that their identity is not defined by their fine Giorgio Armani suit, real estate banker job title, posh condo or their extra fine Lamborghini but instead by who they are inside. Works Cited Briggs, Matthew. â€Å"America’s consumer club†, n.d. Web. https://writing.colostate.edu/gallery/talkingback/issue1/briggs.htmAdvertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Fight Club Fascist.†, Newspeakdictionary.com, 2005. Web. â€Å"Fight Club Film†, Wikipedia.org, n.d. Web. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Club â€Å"Interpretations of fight club†, Wikipedia.org., n.d. Web. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_Fight_Club Kozlowski, Jaime. â€Å"The fight club†, Dompse.org, 2007 Web. https://www.domspe.org/fight_club/soc_fightclub.html This essay on Movie Review: Fight Club was written and submitted by user Jorge Robinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Teenage Conformity essays

Teenage Conformity essays Teenagers today face many issues. One of the most common but often overlooked is that of finding their own true identities. Although some teens will find themselves, most simply choose to conform. To conform means "to be or become of the same form". They become like everyone else is. In other words they become like sheep, following and never leading. Instead of being an entirely unique entity with their own mind and thoughts, they become a carbon copy of numerous others. Take clothes for example, teenagers will buy incredibly overpriced clothing. They are willing to pay any price for clothing made by Calvin Klein, Tommy Hillfiger and Gap. They are willing to spend all the money they make from their jobs on these clothes instead of doing something much wiser like saving for college. Some teenagers will even go as far as having more than one job in order to have enough to purchase those $120 jeans. Why? Is it that these clothes are of better quality? More durable? No, they purchase them simply because they don't want to be different or stand out. The people they conceive to be their friends or those they wish to be friends with are wearing these labels and so they feel compelled to wear them too. They see the ads in magazines, on television and hear them on the radio. We also can't forget the fact that the stars are wearing these labels, and if famous people are wearing them they must be cool, right? Teenagers need to step back and say to themselves, "Is it really that important that I dress like my friends? Would it be that big of a deal if I dressed the way I wanted to?". In the past the next issue has been primarily focused toward girls, although recently it is becoming an increasing concern for young men. Teenagers today open a magazine and see skinny models, so thin in fact that many of them are forced to maintain unhealthy habits to remain that way. They watch TV and again, on ...

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Methods To Prevent Barre In Knitted Fabric

Methods To Prevent Barre In Knitted Fabric In textile production, one of the most common and perplexing quality issues is barrà ©. The factors that can cause or contribute to barrà © are varied and diverse. For this reason, when a barrà © problem is detected, the skills of a sleuth may be required to expose the problem and eliminate its cause. Once a cause is identified, steps can be taken to minimize or eliminate the barrà ©, and better quality fabrics can be produced. This discussion will center on knitted fabrics. DISCUSSIONS The noun barrà © is defined by ASTM1 as an unintentional, repetitive visual pattern of continuous bars and stripes usually parallel to the filling of woven fabric or to the courses of circular knitted fabric. In a warp knit, barrà © normally runs in the length direction, following the direction of yarn flow. Barrà © can be caused by physical, optical, dye related differences in the yarn, geometric differences in the fabric structure, or by any combination of these differences. A barrà © streak can be one or several courses wide. A typical characteristic of barrà © is that it generally consists of stripes that repeat. Isolated or intermittent defects may or may not be barrà ©. 1 ASTM D123-96a Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles 1 Various aspects of barrà © are important for consideration and discussion. The first is the identification of barrà ©. Secondly, how can barrà © be analyzed? What are the causes of barrà ©, and finally, how can it be prevented? IDENTIFICATION OF BARRÉ The first step in a barrà © investigation is to observe and define the problem. Barrà © can be the result of physical causes that can usually be detected, or it can be caused by optical or dyeability differences that may be nearly impossible to isolate in the fabric. Barrà © analysis methods that help to discriminate between physical barrà © and barrà © caused by other reasons include Flat Table Examinations, Light Source Observation, and the Atlas Streak Analyzer. Flat Table Examination For a visual barrà © analysis, the first step is to lay a full-width fabric sample out on a table and view both sides from various angles. Generally, if the streaky lines run in the yarn direction that is in the course direction, apparent color differences can be seen by looking down at the fabric in a direct visual line with the yarn or course direction, and the defect can be positively identified as a barrà © defect. Viewing the fabric with a light source in the background will show if the barrà © is physical. Light Source Observation After completing an initial Flat Table Examination, a Light Source Examination may provide further useful information. Full width fabric samples should be examined 2 under two surface lighting conditions, ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescent light. Observations that should be made while viewing under lights are: 1. the frequency and width of the barrà ©, 2. whether the streaks are dark or light, and 3. the total length of pattern repeat. Ultraviolet light, commonly referred to as black light, allows the presence of mineral oils to be more easily detected, due to their radiant energy (glow). When observed under UV light, fabrics with streaks that exhibit glow suggest improper or insufficient preparation. A change in composition or content of oil/wax by the spinner or knitter without appropriate adjustments in scouring can create this problem. Fluorescent lighting simulates the mode of observation that is common to most inspection tables in mills and will highlight whether the barrà © is perceivable in an industry quality control setting. Atlas Streak Analyzer The function of the Atlas Streak Analyzer is to isolate barrà © caused by physical differences. A fabric swatch is combined with polystyrene sheet film, and the Atlas Streak Analyzer produces a plastic impression of a fabric surface by incorporating specific conditions of pressure and heat. The absence of color on the plastic impression ensures that only physical streak effects will be seen. The plastic impression is examined to determine whether the streak alignment matches the 3 streaks observed on the fabric. However, impressions made from spun yarns such as cotton can be difficult to read due to the inherent yarn variation characteristic of spun yarns. Also, a too rapid cooling of the test specimen after making an impression can produce a moirà © pattern. From a valid plastic impression, the barrà © source can be identified as: 1. physical with all streaks showing on the impression, 2. optical or dyeability variations where none of the color streaks are aligned on the impression, and 3. a combination of physical and dyeability differences where some streaks align with those on the impression, and some do not. Fabrics with combination causes present the greatest challenge for analysis. If the streak analyzer indicates the same barrà © pattern as seen in the fabric, then the barrà © stripes are physical in nature. This can relate to several physical causes such as yarn tensions, stitch length, yarn count, twist differences, etc. Yarn tension causes can be found by raveling adjacent courses and measuring the lengths of yarn removed from each course. If all the lengths raveled from the fabric are the same, the pieces can be weighed to determine if the yarn counts are the same. 4 If the plastic replica shows no stripes, then the barrà © is due to chemical causes or to light reflectance differences. Chemical causes relate to improper preparation, and light reflectance differences relate to non-uniform dyestuff penetration or reflectance. The next step is to remove the color and evaluate the stripped sample before re-dyeing to determine if the removal of dye was complete and if the barrà © is still present. An uneven or incomplete stripping can indicate an additional strip. If the color is stripped uniformly and the barrà © is gone, then the sample should be re-dyed. If after stripping and over dyeing the fabric no longer has barrà ©, then the barrà © was caused by improper preparation. If the barrà © remains, then the problem is related to optical or light reflectance problems. PHYSICAL BARRÉ ANALYSIS When the cause of barrà © is determined or presumed to be physical in nature, physical fabric analysis should be done. Physical barrà © causes are generally considered to be those which can be linked to yarn or machine differences. Methods of physical barrà © analysis include fabric dissection, microscopy, and the Roselon Knit Extension Tester. Fabric Dissection To perform accurate fabric dissection analysis, a fabric sample that contains several barrà © repetitions is required. First, the barrà © streak boundaries are marked by the placement of straight pins and/or felt markers. Individual yarns are removed from light and dark streak sections, and twist level, twist direction, and cut length 5 weight determinations are made and recorded. For reliable mean values to be established, data should be collected from at least two light/dark repeats. After compilation of yarn information, the numbers can be compared individually to adjacent yarns as well as by groupings of light and dark shades. Microscopy Microscopic examination is useful for verifying yarn-spinning systems. Yarns from different spinning systems can have different light reflectance and dye absorption properties resulting in barrà © when mixed. Ring-spinning produces yarn that is smooth with all fibers twisted in a tight helix. Open-end spinning produces yarn with wrapper fibers that form a belt around the diameter of the yarn at irregular intervals. Air jet spinning produces yarn with more wrapper fibers that form a continuous spiraling band around the inner fibers that are more parallel to the axis of the yarn. Microscopy can also reveal a shift in loop formation in knitted fabrics when twist direction (S and Z) differences are present. Roselon Knit Extension Tester2 Barrà © produced by knitting machinery is relatively common, is the easiest to see in the greige, and is the easiest to correct. Often uneven yarn tension during knitting may be a cause. To test for uneven tension, the Roselon Knit Extension Tester can be used. For this test, a fabric sample is cut and raveled to yield yarn samples from light and dark streak areas. The yarn ends are taped and clamped 2 Source: Spinlon Industries Incorporated, 18 S. Fifth Street, Quakertown, Pennsylvania 18951 6 to the tester. As each yarn is stretched to the maximum extension point, the points are plotted on graph paper. Comparisons are usually made visually rather than mathematically. CAUSES OF BARRÉ The varied and diverse causes of barrà © can generally be summed up in one word INCONSISTENCY. An inconsistency that leads to barrà © can originate in one or more of the following categories: ! fiber quality/raw material management, ! yarn formation/supply management, ! knitting processes, and ! preparation and dyeing techniques Fiber Quality/Raw Material Management 1. Failure to control fiber diameter (micronaire or denier) from laydown to laydown. 2. Too high a C.V. of micronaire in the laydown for a given mills opening line blending efficiency. 3. Failure to control the fiber color in the mix (grayness Rd, yellowness +b). 4. Failure to control maturity/fineness in a laydown 5. Most, if not all, fiber barrà © can be controlled by the above four items; however, under certain unusual circumstances, it may be beneficial to also select mixes using ultraviolet reflectance information for each bale of cotton. 7 Micronaire Average micronaire must be controlled within a laydown and from laydown to laydown. Controlling average micronaire in the laydown may not be sufficient to completely eliminate barrà ©. Other micronaire related causes of barrà © are: ! > 0.2 difference in micronaire. ! > 0.1 change in mix-to-mix average micronaire. ! > 12.0 % CV of micronaire within the laydown. It may be necessary to change the laydown averages periodically to make use of all the bales in the warehouse. This must be done slowly with no more than a 0.1 change in mix-to-mix averages. Figure 1 shows acceptable changes in micronaire from laydown to laydown. No barrà © from micronaire differences should show in knitted fabrics when yarns are mixed on the knitting machine from consecutive laydowns. However, if laydowns vary more than 0.1 micronaire, for example laydowns #1 (4.3 mic.) and #6 (4.6 mic.) in Figure 1, then barrà © is much more likely to occur. 8 Figure 1: Slowing Changing Micronaire Average in Laydown Acceptable Change in Micronaire From Laydown to Laydown3.53.63.73.83.94.04.14.24.34.44.51234567891011121314Laydown NumberMicronarie Figure 2 shows a high CV% in the micronaire for bales within a laydown. The laydown shown has 24 bales with an average of 4.1 micronaire and a CV% of 17.7. The change in micronaire from bale to bale is more than a 0.1 change. Also, the CV% is more than 12.0% and would probably result in barrà ©. High Micronaire CV% in Laydown3.53.73.94.14.34.54.7123456789101112131415161718192021222324Bale NumberMicronaireAvg. 4.1 CV% 17.7 * Figure 2: Results of Changing the Micronaire Average too Rapidly Max +/- 1.0 mic 9 Maturity and Fineness Although micronaire gives an indication of fiber maturity, it does not directly measure that property. Maturity and fineness related causes of barrà © include: ! Blending cotton from different growth areas or seed varieties. ! Immature fiber content such as white specks, neps, etc. Yarn Formation/Supply Even with proper fiber selection to reduce raw material effects on barrà ©, techniques in the opening, cleaning, blending, and carding areas can have an impact on barrà ©. These variations can occur at carding where different amounts of non-lint content removal from card to card can be a problem. Poor blending of fiber from opening through finisher drawing cannot be overlooked. In ring spinning, the running of different types of spindle tapes and the use of different cots or new and used cots mixed together on the same frame can create barrà ©. Faulty management in the spinning plant can result in the following yarn related causes of barrà ©: 1. Yarn count variations. 2. Yarn twist variation. 3. Wrong yarn size, color, blend level, twist direction. 4. Mixed yarn lots. 5. Mixed shipment dates of same dye lot. 10 6. Uneven waxing or oiling of yarn 7. Improper conditioning. Knitting Processes and Yarn Management The set-up and operation of a knitting machine is complex and requires precision settings to produce first quality goods. Machine related causes of barrà © include: 1. Different stitch settings (stitch lengths). 2. Improper tension at a feed. 3. Faulty cylinder or dial cam settings. 4. Malfunctioning of storage or tape feeders. 5. Improper threading of yarn. 6. Variations at take-down or spreader system. 7. Machine vibration. 8. Dirt, lint, and/or yarn fragments in the camming system, tricks, needles, or sinkers. 9. Variation in oil content. 10. Worn needles, which generally produce length direction streaks. 11. Uneven cylinder height needles (wavy barrà ©). 12. Worn cylinder and/or dial. Even with a properly set-up machine, barrà © can still occur at knitting due to poor yarn management. Examples of poor yarn management at knitting include: 11 1. Mixing yarns of different counts. 2. Mixing yarns from different spinning systems. 3. Mixing yarns with different blend levels. 4. Mixing yarns from different suppliers. 5. Mixing yarns with different twist level/twist direction. 6. Mixing yarns with different degrees of hairiness. 7. Mixing yarns with different amounts of wax. 8. Mercerization differences. 9. Excessive backwinding or abrasion during this process. 10. If yarns are conditioned, then each lot must be uniformly conditioned. Preparation and Dyeing Techniques Normally, dyehouses have standard preparation procedures and formulas that work very well in terms of removal of non-fibrous contaminants and natural fiber pigmentation. However, some fabrics can exhibit barrà © that is caused by either optical or dyeability issues. Often, the barrà © is not created in dyeing, but can be highlighted. In this scenario, the dyeing is not the cause but the messenger of the problem. Typically, barrà © is not a problem in whites, only in dyed fabrics. Therefore, if a fabric is known to have barrà ©, then that roll should be processed into a white. 12 Preparation can help mask barrà ©, but cannot and will not eliminate it. The cause of the barrà © must be eliminated for future rolls to be free of the defect. The scour and/or bleach procedure can be intensified to mask the barrà ©. This can be done by combinations of using a higher temperature or longer processing times. Usually the chemistry will remain the same; however, in some cases, it may have to be increased or changed. If any changes are made in the preparation procedure, the fabric and resultant shade will possibly change in whiteness, strength, and appearance. In fact, the whiteness will almost always change. If whiter, the old dye formula will need to be adjusted. The strength of the fabric may be affected to the point where it becomes a problem. Finally, the surface of the fabric may change so that it may not match previous lots. As a result of more aggressive preparation to cover barrà ©, it is important to evaluate such changes on small samples in the lab or a sample machine. Tension can play an integral role in not only the formation of the fabric, but also during preparation, dyeing, and finishing. As with all variables, it must be controlled to known parameters and be consistent. Any inconsistencies in tension could change the morphology of the cotton (i.e. during mercerization), level of dye pick- 13 up, or surface appearance (i.e. during mechanical finishing such as brushing or sanding). PREVENTION OF BARRÉ As discussed in the text, barrà © is caused by inconsistencies in materials, equipment, or processing. To prevent barrà © from occurring, consistency must be maintained through all phases of textile production. Stock yarns should be properly and carefully labeled to avoid mix-ups. Fugitive tints and/or marked cones can be useful for accurate yarn segregation. Inventory should be controlled on a first in/first out basis. All equipment should be properly maintained and periodically checked. In spinning and knitting before beginning full-scale production, sample dyeings can be done to check for barrà ©. Knit machine operators should be trained to look for barrà © as it occurs in the greige. If spotted, the machine should be stopped until the cause is eliminated. Salvaging a fabric lot with a barrà © problem may be possible through careful dye selection. Color differences can be masked by using shades with very low light reflectance (navy blue, black) or high light reflectance (light yellow, orange, or finished white). Dye suppliers should be able to offer assistance in this area. Also, if the cause of the barrà © is an uneven distribution of oil or wax, a more thorough preparation of the fabric before dyeing may result in more uniform dye coverage. 14 With close cooperation between production and quality control personnel, barrà © problems can be successfully analyzed and solved. Recommendations to minimize barrà © include: ! Knit an entire dye lot from the same knitting machine. ! Use only yarn from the same spinning lot. ! Use only from the same shipment date if possible. ! If yarn shipment dates must be mixed, then use consecutive shipment dates. ! Determine through laboratory analysis and experience if the preparation procedures are sufficient or can they be modified to eliminate the problem. ! Determine if some shades and dyestuffs are less susceptible to showing barrà ©, and apply those to problem fabrics. ! Make use of yarn/fabric analysis systems such as CYROS ®. ! Identify those rolls within a dye lot that have mixed yarn shipment dates so that it is known when the fabrics go through the dyehouse. ! Identify dye lots that have rolls from different yarn shipments before dyeing. CASE STUDY IN BARRÉ A 100% cotton, ring-spun single jersey style T-shirt is knitting in production with a yarn that does not have a barrà © problem. This style has been knitting for numerous days and no more of the yarn is available for creeling on the machine as the yarns are knitting out. Some yarn packages are skinners and others are full five-pound packages. The machine is 24-inch diameter with 80 feeds. 15 When the new yarn is creeled onto one of the 80 positions, the mixing of yarn shipment dates begins to take place. For this discussion, we will assume that this new yarn will cause barrà © when mixed with the old yarn. Once all positions are knitting the new yarn, there will be no barrà ©. How many rolls of fabric will have barrà © when both these yarns are present in the rolls? If the knitter is making 50 pound rolls, then each yarn package will supply 1/80th of the 50-pound roll or 0.625 pounds of yarn. Therefore, the new yarn will make 8.0 rolls of fabric with barrà © (5-pound package divided by 0.625 pounds per package for a 50 pound roll). It is important to realize that while this new package is knitting, other old yarn positions on the creel are also being replaced by new yarns. By the time the first new package has knitted out, all feeds will be using the new yarn. When the last old package is replaced and all positions have new yarn, the barrà © will disappear. Often, many machines will be knitting the same style. If ten machines are knitting this style and are using the old yarn and new yarns are placed on these 80 feed machines, then the total number of rolls knitted with barrà © will be 80. A total of 4,000 pounds of fabric will be made with barrà ©. If the style in question weighs 5.8 ounces per linear yarn, then a total of 11,035 yards of fabric will be made. Further, if it can be assumed that each yard of fabric can make 1.2 shirts, then a total of 13,240 defective T-shirts will be made. This is 1,103 dozen 16 garments. If the cost per shirt is $2.05 per unit, then a loss of $27,142 plus is realized. If open-end yarn was used for this case study instead of ring-spun yarns, then 8-pound packages of yarn could be used. This would result in 128 rolls containing 6,400 pounds and 17,655 yards of fabric. From this, 21,186 T-shirts (1766 dozens) would have been made. Based on a cost per shirt of $1.86, the loss would be $39,405. The result is that bigger packages mean bigger losses. The best methods to reduce the possibility of this catastrophe are listed below: 1. When mixing yarn shipment dates of only one week, try to reduce the number of machines using the old and new yarns. 2. As more machines are expending the old yarn, consolidate the old packages to fewer machines. This means removing the yarns from one creel and using them on other machines that are still knitting the old yarn. 3. Knit dye lots from a single machine if possible. 4. When a roll is known to have mixed yarns, a laboratory dyeing should be done on a swatch from the roll to determine if barrà © is present. If not, then proceed as normal. If barrà © is present, then the roll should be processed in 17 shades that are not known to be barrà © sensitive or prepared with more aggressive chemistry. CONCLUSIONS It is evident that barrà © is a problem that results from inconsistencies and is a result of poor management of fiber, yarn, and/or related knitting processes. The spinner, the knitter, and the dyer must communicate and work as a team to reduce the potential for barrà © to occur. A well planned and executed system of monitoring the spinning, knitting, dyeing, and finishing systems in the mill can provide for defect free fabrics. 18

Venice :: essays research papers

What is the federal government's single greatest responsibility to the public? In my opinion the federal government has many responsibilities to the public, but most importantly is its pledge of protection to the public. When I say protection, I mean not only from military attacks from other countries, but by supplying funds for all the needs of the citizens. As the population in the U.S. increases and federal funds decrease, the government tends to forget all of the little people who elected the politicians into office. The people to whom I am referring are the farmers and small business owners, who rely on the government's support to protect their investments. As shipping and international money-exchange has become easier and faster, the ability for small business owners or farmers to sell their goods have conversely become harder. I believe that it is the gocernment's responsibility to ensure that these people do not struggle to earn a living. Bills such as trade restrictions, etc are created so these people can earn a living. Another type of protection that the government must provide abundantly is aid to the smaller governments, such as state or city offices. I feel that this is most important in crime-ridden, overpopulated cities, such as New York or Los Angeles. These are the great tourist attractions in America, but they don't receive the recognition that they deserve from the government. Without government funds, these cities don't have enough money for upkeeping and allow their images to become tarnished. This will cause a domino effect because less tourists will want to visit America. Less tourism means that these cities have less revenues and less importance to the government. Less importance means that they will receive even less aid. Such an effect will ruin any bright spots which still are in the U.

Linguistic Reorganization of States and the Changing Federal Structure of India

India is a federation of states and these states are separated on the basis of major languages. The Indian leaders right after independence made it clear that they wanted a federal state. A federation is the existence of dual polity. It is a group of regions or states united within a Central government. It is a dual form of government where the powers are divided between the centre and the state governments.They each enjoy considerable independence within their sphere of Governance so as to avoid any clash between the two. However the basis on which this federal structure would be implemented was not certain. Right after independence, Jawaharlal Nehru, opposed the formation of states based on linguistic lines. According to him this would lead to the emergence of sub-nationalities that would cause agitation and then to the rising of sovereign states.Thus, initially after Independence the country was divided into states belonging to 3 classes Class ‘A’ states, which were m ade up of the former British Provinces, such as Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar; Class ‘B’ states, which were made up of former large princely states and large amalgamated unions of states, such as Hyderabad, Mysore and Rajasthan; and Class ‘C’ states, which were those formed out of smaller princely states, such as Bhopal, Delhi and Vindhya Pradesh. The Dar Commission, which was set up to deal with the question of linguistic states, expressed itself against the linguistic reorganization of states.In November 1948, the JVP committee was set up to review the Dar Commission report because of the insistence from the delegates of Andhra, Kerela, Karnataka and Maharashtra. This report too was against the linguistic reorganization of states. In 1953 following the fast unto death by Potti Sriramulu in support of Telugu speaking Andhra the congress was forced to change its position and Andhra was created in October 1953. In response to the mounting flood of add itional demands the State Reorganization commission was established on December 1953.The report of SRC given in 1955 created 14 new states from the existing 27. In 1956 the act was enacted. This was the first phase of linguistic reorganization, other phases followed during the period from 1960 to 1980 when these 14 states were further subdivided into new states. As the introduction suggests setting up states on linguistic lines was not the aim of the leaders rather they were forced to. They wanted the states to be economically and administratively viable also they wanted to avoid further communalism which might be caused due to the states being reorganized on linguistic basis.Integration and democratic participation were the important aims of the leaders then. There was an attempt for inclusive agglomeration of diverse identities and groups through inter-segmental and inter fractional adjustments and changes. After Independence â€Å"the task of putting the new nation in to working order, dealing with the lions of refugees, of coping with the conflict in Kashmir, of integrating and consolidating into governable units the myriad of princely states and framing constitutions became the most urgent items on the Government’s agenda. â€Å"Unity† and â€Å"security† were the slogans of the day. (J. E. Schwartzberg) However this policy â€Å"proved inadequate when it encountered the large currents of era of mass politics†¦.. The issue of Linguistic states in particular became the focus of popular agitation† (A. S. Narang). Also minorities complained of discrimination by the local government. It was also stated that the political parties repeatedly exploited ethnic minorities anxieties and desires. The Dar Commission discarded the linguistic reorganization on the basis that a state cannot be created having only 70-80% of the population speaking the same language.The commission said that it could not be called a â€Å"linguistic group † but rather a â€Å"big majority†. It was however along this big majority lines that the 14 states were carved out in 1956, thus eliminating the categories of states as class A, B and C. But it gave rise to new problems, for example the SRC did not, at that time, divide the provinces of Bombay and Punjab because they found no neat linguistic lines for division. A separate state of the Punjabi Suba was demanded based on the religious differences between the Hindus and Sikhs.Nehru did not agree with this idea but instead said that additional areas should be incorporated into the present state of Punjab to dilute the Sikh presence and marginalize the separatists within the province. This was mainly because Punjab was a border state and any tampering with the people’s interests might jeopardise the security of the country. But ultimately the new state of Punjab was formed in 1966 when the Sikh leadership abandoned the religious criteria and demanded the formation of Punjab on ethno linguistic lines.Along with the new state of Punjab other 2 new states formed Haryana- which consisted mainly of the Hindi speaking belt of erstwhile Punjab and Himachal Pradesh- which were mainly the hill districts. The province of Bombay was also bifurcated between the Gujarati and Marathi speakers in 1960. â€Å"The first federal revolution thus discarded the design of administrative divisions that Nehru had favoured for independent India, a design which did not recognize the need for congruence between ethnic identity and territorial homelands.The first reorganization did precisely the opposite: it legally acknowledged India as a federation of ethnic subunits. In a sense, Nehru and India had returned to the ethnic fault line conceded by the Congress movement during the struggle for national independence. † (Maya Chadda). This was not the end of all problems. The new issue arose in the north-eastern states. The North-eastern states were the most neglected of all the states in India.The British followed a policy of seclusion that had left the region resentful and suspicious of all governments that had sought to control the Northeast from New Delhi. Along with that the overlapping of the Naga and Mizo tribes across Burma and the Indo-Chinese border, closely linked the issue of ethnic autonomy to national security and territorial control. If India was to keep these areas under her control it was necessary to appease the people living in those areas. And the appropriate answer was found in separating the state of Assam into separate tribal provinces.The Nehru government created the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution which divided the Northeast into three broad areas with special arrangements of power sharing for each. This schedule created district councils which had power over local economy, culture, religion and customs. Eventually with the North-Eastern Area (reorganization) Act 1971, there came in to existence several states from the undivided state of Assam. Tripura and Manipur which were originally parts of Assam became Union Territories in 1956 and then separate states in 1972.Meghalaya became an autonomous state within Assam and then a full-fledged state in 1972. Mizoram was declared a Union Territory. While there were agitations in Tripura and Manipur for separate statehood like the Nagas, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh never demanded a separate statehood. These states were simply created to stop China from claiming these border territories. The state of Mizoram was created in 1987 after signing of accord between the Mizo National Front and the Govt of India after 20 years of insurgency by the dominant Mizo tribe.But this did not end the problem as many linguistic minorities felt that in the states with a dominant language they were outcasts, they were being neglected by the dominant groups and this was leading to the deterioration of not only their culture but also their languages. This identity crisis a mong the various minority groups is still leading to upheaval in different parts of the country. Many linguistic minorities are asking for separate states citing the example of the north-eastern states. LINGO-ETHNIC UPHEAVALS IN DIFFERENT STATES:Even though the states of India have been from time to time reorganized on the basis of linguistics, some problem always seems to crop up regarding one area or another. At present upheavals are more regarding ethnic reorganization rather than linguistics alone. Here is an account of 2 such strifes. THE NAGALIM PROBLEM- One of India’s oldest continuing armed conflict is between the Govt of India and the Nagas. The armed conflict has persisted with two interruptions one in 1960 and another when an accord was signed in 1975. The pact of 1975 was signed between the Govt of India and some willing leaders of Nagaland.This was interpreted as a sellout and thus gave fire to the already heated up issue. The conflict was that of the creation of Nagalim, an integrated land for the Nagas which not only included the present state of Nagaland but also those districts of Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam containing Nagas as majority. According to J. P. Hutton (1922), â€Å"Nagaland (Nagalim) has always been a sovereign nation occupying a compact area of 120,000 sq. km of the Patkai Range in between the longitude 93 °E and 97 °E and the latitude 23. 5 °N and 28. 3 °N.It lies at the tri-junction of China, India and Burma. Nagalim, without the knowledge and consent of the Naga people, was apportioned between India and Burma after their respective declaration of independence. The part, which India illegally claims, is subdivided and placed under four different administrative units, viz. , Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland states. The eastern part, which Burma unlawfully claims, is placed under two administrative units, viz. , Kachin State and Sagaing Division (formerly known as the Naga Hills).Nagalim, how ever, transcends all these arbitrary demarcations of boundary†. The integration of the Naga areas of Burma with the areas in India was not the Naga political agenda, but bringing the Nagas of India together has been an issue that unites most Nagas. Even the Nagaland Assembly has passed a number of resolutions expressing support for that cause. The policy of non-interference by the British â€Å"was followed by area expeditions that were resorted to in order to quell opposition of the hill communities to the colonial extension of commercial activities in and through their land.Eventually the hill communities were brought under different territorial administrative authorities and hence the concept of territorial politics was thus introduced, hitherto unknown to the hill communities. The so-called ‘administrative convenience', made some of the ethnic groups fall under one or another political unit. In the process the Naga areas were brought under four administrative units; Assam, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh. The contiguous Zeliangrong Nagas were divided among the states of Assam (North Cachar Hill district), Nagaland and Manipur.Such whimsical administrative divisions and introduction of territorial politics shattered all ethnic aspirations† (U. A. Shimray) and gave rise to ethnic stirrings The problem with the Nagas are that they are not a linguistic community, they speak as many as 30 different languages which belong to several distinct forms of Tibeto-Burmese language group. The languages spoken by some tribes are incomprehensible by the other Naga tribes. Thus, whether or not some of these groups should be included in to the Nagas is a very big concern. The other major problem is with that of Manipur.The goal of creating a single political unit out of all Naga-inhabited areas puts the Naga project of nationhood in collision course with a parallel Manipuri project. â€Å"Indeed, the issue is so sensitive that until June 2001 the Indian government left the territorial scope of the 1997 ceasefire deliberately vague. Eventually, things came to a head when the NSCN–IM insisted on a clarification, and in June 2001 a joint statement confirmed that the ceasefire was ‘between the Government of India and the NSCN–IM as two entities without territorial limits’.The announcement led to a veritable political explosion in Manipur and significant expression of anger in the other affected states. Seeking guarantees from the Indian government that Manipur’s territorial integrity would not be sacrificed on the altar of Naga peace has now become a major theme in Manipuri politics† (Sanjib Baruah). The United Naga Council (UNC) has issued a statement that calls for a â€Å"peaceful parting† between the Nagas and the Meiteis. But theUNC statement will only aggravate the tense situation in Manipur because it threatens a break-up of the tiny state, a prospect no Meitei will be prepa red to accept. The Centre on the other hand has made it absolutely clear that Manipur’s territorial integrity or Assam’s and Arunachal Pradesh’s cannot be undermined to solve the Naga problem. It is therefor time for the NSCN and other responsible Naga civil society groups to state if they are willing to accept a solution without a â€Å"Greater Nagalim† that will mean slicing up of existing states like Manipur, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.If they accept then an extensive autonomy plan that give Nagas a chance for socio-cultural integration without changing of state boundaries, should be prepared by the state govts to give something like â€Å"supra-state body† a chance. That may mean that the Nagas will control the areas of Manipur, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh that they inhabit in a majority — but that is a price the three states may have to pay for finally solving the Naga problem that threatens to engulf the whole region.THE GHORKHALAND P ROBLEM- Another big problem for India is that of the Gorkhaland issue. The word Gorkha is historically associated with the Kashas of North India. But it was after the establishment of the Gorkha Dynasty in1559 by Drabya Shah, the word began to be referred to the inhabitants of the Gorkha ruled region. Daniel Wright (1877) says, â€Å"The Gorkhas or the Gorkhalis so named from the former capital of their country are the dominant race. They formerly occupied the district around the town of Gorkha, which is about 40 miles from the city of Katmandu.They are said to be of Rajput descent and to have been driven out of Rajputana on the occasion of an invasion by Musulmans. They first settled near Palpa, having passed through the Kumaon hills, and gradually extending their dominion to Gorkha. † The Gorkhas were originally Indo-Aryan in character but after the Anglo-Nepalese war the British distinguished them as distinctly mongoloid in character. With time the term Gorkhas have been u sed interchangeably with the Nepalis. The struggle for Gorkhaland, it seems, started since 1907 by the leaders of the hill people for a separate administrative setup.In 1917 there was a similar demand to create a separate territory from West Bengal. Similar uprising followed in 1919, 1920, 1930. In 1943 the All India Gorkha League was formed which wanted the govt to recognize the gorkhas as a separate minority. Then in 1949 they demanded a separate state for themselves. But these were all disregarded by the authorities. The main agitation for the Gorkhaland started in the 1980’s under the leadership of Subhas Ghising belonging to the Gorkha National Liberation Front. The GNLF-led agitation for the creation of a separate state of â€Å"Gorkhaland† happened at a time when the Communist Party of India, Marxist [CPI(M)] was firmly in power in the state of West Bengal. Given the CPI(M)’s pro-poor ideology, stellar achievements in land reforms, rural development, and community empowerment in West Bengal, and prior public commitments to grant autonomy to the Gorkhas, it was surprising that sentiments for a separate Gorkhaland grew steadily in the Darjeeling district† (Rajat Ganguly).Once the agitation started it left many people dead, many hundreds homeless, there was loss to the local economy due to strikes etc. More importantly it drove a deep chasm between the majority Bengalis and the minority Gorkhas in West Bengal. All this led to an agreement between the GNLF and Govt of West Bengal & Govt of India in August 1988 that aa autonomous Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council will be established, but in return the GNLF would have to drop the demand of separate state. However this hardly changed the situation of the hill district.There were hardly any development project carried out by the DGHC and the people felt cheated. The DGHC blamed the West Bengal Government for not providing the necessary funds and for trying to undermine the DGHC’s image and authority in Darjeeling. At times, Subhas Ghising, the GNLF President and Chairperson of the DGHC, even talked of resurrecting the Gorkhaland agitation, which were dismissed by his political opponents as merely pressure tactics to procure more funds from Kolkata. Ghising’s political opponents in turn accused him and the DGHC of being corrupt and wasteful and operating in an undemocratic manner.The struggle for Gorkhaland received a new boost 2008 when a new party called the Gorkha Janamukti Morcha under the leadership of Bimal Gurung. Once a trusted aide of Subhas Ghising, Bimal Gurung decided to break away from the GNLF and started a new agitation for Ghorkhaland. A new party was formed called the Gorkha Janamukti Morcha and on April 2011 they signed a pact with the central and state govts forming the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration, a semi- autonomous body that would replace the DGHC.The reasons why there is a demand for Gorkhaland are: 1. â€Å"Although st ates in post-independent India were reorganized on the basis of ethno-linguistic criteria, the policy failed to eradicate the problem of â€Å"entrapped minorities† as many states within the Indian federation continued to include peripheral minority ethnic groups that were linguistically and culturally different from and politically and economically subordinate to the majority ethnolinguistic communities that wielded power in the states.Many of these entrapped minority groups had a long history of demands for political autonomy or separate political identity and had come to believe that the States Reorganization Commission would consider their case with sympathy. When that did not happen, many of these minority ethnic groups felt frustrated and aggrieved. In the years following the states reorganization, these isolated and peripheral minority ethnic groups came to resent their endemic poverty and underdeveloped status and became convinced that they were being deprived (delibe rately or otherwise) by the majority communities that controlled the state governments.The only way out of this poverty and underdevelopment, these groups felt, was by creating their own state and entering into a direct relationship with the Indian central government for assistance and guidance; for instance, Gorkha leaders in Darjeeling cited the example of Sikkim, which had one-third of Darjeeling’s population but received almost ten times more central grant than Darjeeling†. (Rajat Ganguly) 2.The isolation and under development has been aggravated by the fact that that their homeland has been infiltrated by members of the dominant community and other ethnic groups thereby creating an exploitative cultural division of labour in which valued roles and resources are allocated mostly to the outsiders. The ethnic communities have also failed to successfully compete with the dominant outsiders for valued resources, such as access to education, health care and employment. 3 . The agitators argued that the West Bengal state government have deliberately kept Darjeeling isolated and neglected.They also claimed that much money was spend on the development of Siliguri but very little of these funds went to the hills for the development of Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and other hill towns. For eg- there is still acute shortage of water and the supply is not enough to cater to the demands of the growing population as well as the tourists. The conditions of the roads are appalling and there is a huge dearth of electricityor problems of voltage. 4. The area had no facilities for higher education, the North Bengal University being the only University in that region.But it was situated in Siliguri and not in the hills. 5. This neglect of the region has led to the decline in the tourism industry, which has further led to the decline in employment among the local people. 6. It was also claimed that the Govt offices set up in the area did not benefit the locals as most of the posts went to the outsiders from the plains. Along with that the lack in education facilities did not facilitate the locals in getting the jobs. 7. West Bengal government based in faraway Kolkata appeared to be remote, opaque and unaccountable to the local people of Darjeeling.The CPI(M)’s casual response to the various grievances and problems of the people in Darjeeling also strengthened the local perception that the party neglected the hills in favor of the plains. BODOLAND ISSUE, ASSAM: The Bodos belong to the Tibeto-Burman speaking Indo-Mongoloid ethnic group and are the most commonly found in the Brahmaputra plains of Assam. â€Å"The term Bodo is also used to denote a large number of tribes-the Garos of Meghalaya, Tippera of Tripura, and Boro Kachari, Koch, Rabha, Lalung, Dimasa, Hajong, Chutia, Deuri, and Moran of Assam and other parts of the Northeast†. M. N. Brahma, â€Å"The Bodo Kacharis of Assam-A Brief Introduction,† Bulletin of the Tribal Rese arch Institute [Gauhati], 1:1 [1983], p. 52. ). These tribes ruled over Assam until about 1825 but at present they are found in the northern areas of the Brahmaputra Valley, mainly in Kokrajhar, Darrang, Goalpara, and Kamrup districts. Theirs is a patriarchal society and they mostly follow Bathauism, which is a form of animism, as religion. They mainly practiced Jhooming agriculture but off late have ventured into settled agriculture.Industrial activities are lacking but there may be some silkworm culture done by the Bodos. The demand for a separate Bodoland started during the British rule. It took a major turn after independence and mostly after the formation of Nagaland and other north-eastern states. The bodos formed Plains Tribal Council of Assam (PTCA) in 1967 and demanded the formation of a separate state for the Bodos and all other plain tribes of Assam. The All Bodo Students Union also formed in the same year as a part of PTCA. But with time they all lost hopes upon the part y and started working separately.In the 1980’s Assam saw another movement by the All Assam Student Union (AASU) and Assam Gana Parishad (AGP) about the eviction of foreign nationals from the state. The ABSU worked alongside the AASU with the hope that their cause would receive a boost. The movement ended with the formation of the new AGP Govt. But the ABSU soon realized that the attitude of the new Govt about towards the Bodos is no less different from the preceding Govts. Thus, in 1987 they renewed their struggle for Bodoland, a creation of full-fledged state for the Bodos.The two districts of Kokrajhar and Darrang became the nerve centres of the struggle. Initially the ABSU had a list of 92 demands but later it mainly centred around 3 main agendas: (1) formation of a separate state named Bodoland on the north bank of the Brahmaputra; (2) establishment of autonomous district councils in the tribal dominant areas on the south bank of the Brahmaputra; (3) incorporation of the Bodo Kacharis of Karbi Anglong in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution The main reasons for this agitation were: 1.The Bodos constituted 49% of Assam's population in 1947; but by the 1971 census they had dropped to 29% due to internal and external migration. The migrant labours from Bangladesh affected the population of the Bodos. They got most of the jobs while the Bodos were left jobless. 2. Another major problem was that the Bodos mostly depended on agriculture for sustenance. The land that belonged to them have been mostly taken away form them by the migrants or for the establishment of tea plantations pushing them away into the forests and thus reducing to poverty and indebtness.The new regulation by the Assam Govt imposed a rule forbidding any settlements inside the forest. All of these led to the entrapment of the tribals and was a major cause for the agitation. 3. In 1950s the Govt of Assam had made a rule forbidding the encroachment of the migrant population in to the special area demarcated for the Scheduled Tribes and Castes. But this was not strictly maintained leading to the loss of land among the tribal and a severe competition for the scarce resources. 4. In 1960s the Assam Govt. declared the Assamese language to be the official language of the state.The effort to impose the language drove a wedge between the two communities. 5. The effort by the Assam Govt to assimilate the different identities and not integrate them led to the fear among the tribals about loosing their identity. This to a large extent led to the agitations. 6. Only 10% of jobs are reserved for plains tribals, including the Bodos. On top of that the requirement of knowledge of the Assamese language to obtain a government job in the state was a further barrier to employment opportunities for Bodo youth. . The progress achieved by hill tribes in neighboring Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland and the relative advances made by the two hill districts of Assam-Karbi Anglong an d North-Cachar Hills with their autonomous district councils made the Bodos and other plains tribes feel that, despite their larger population, they have been ignored. 8. The creation of separate tribal states for populations smaller than the Bodo in the 1960s and 70s made the demand of the plains tribals seem legitimate. 9.The crafty drawing of the constituencies merging the tribal and non-tribal majorities makes it impossible for the tribals to gain a seat in the state legislators. 10. Lastly, the unrestrained suppression by the law enforcement agencies against Bodo agitators in 1987 fuelled the movement further. The ABSU resorted mostly to bandhs and closures, disrupting the rail and road links of Assam and the rest of the northeastern region. The agitation also saw extortion and harassment of nontribals, non-Bodo school teachers, clerks, foresters posted in tribal areas, and tea plantation managers and employees.But the most serious development of the movement was the formation of the rebel insurgent Bodo Security Force (Bd. SF), comprising a hard core of the Bodo youth wedded to violent tactics to achieve the goal of Bodoland. â€Å"The prolonged movement seriously affected the economy of Assam and the entire northeastern region. The chief ministers of the six northeastern states that were affected by the frequent bandhs urged the movement leaders, the Assam government, and the center to move quickly toward a settlement.Political parties of all hues unequivocally condemned the violence perpetrated by some of the protestors and the consequent police reprisals. The AGP government came down heavily on the agitators, ruling out any need to form a separate Bodoland state to ameliorate the grievances of the plains tribes. It also sought to drive a wedge between the Bodos and other tribes by avowing the need to protect the interests of all tribals in the state, the Bodo- dominant movement notwithstanding. † (Sudhir JacobGeorge) The agitations continued we ll into 1993 with the Bodo Security Force gaining more power and at places marginalising the ABSU and other parties. There were also a number of failed attempts to talk by the Assam Govt and the central Govt. Efforts to solve the Bodo issue continued involving a great deal of ground work and behind-the-scenes effort on the part of Home Affairs Minister Rajesh Pilot, the Bodo Congress (I) legislator, Jaman Singh Brahma, and an emissary of the prime minister. These efforts ultimately resulted in the Bodo Accord, signed at Guwahati on February 20, 1993, formally ending the prolonged Bodoland agitation.The main aspects of the Bodo accord was: 1. Creation of a Bodoland Autonomous Council (BAC). This is only an autonomous hill council and not a separate state. 2. The legislative power of the BAC is to be vested in a 40-member council, out of which 35 members are to be elected on the basis of adult franchise and the remaining five are to be nominated by the governor of Assam. 3. Executive powers are to reside in a smaller Bodoland Executive Council (BEC), similar to a state-level cabinet. 4. There would also be elections for the BAC. 5.The territory of the BAC included the areas between the Sankosh River and Mazbat Pasnoi River, which roughly mark the western and eastern boundaries on the north bank respectively. The more complex southern border of the BAC, often impinging on nontribal areas, appears to have been left unspecified. Comprising 2,750 villages and several small towns, the BAC includes 25 tea plantations. 6. A benchmark for the inclusion of areas in the BAC was that Bodos should constitute 50% or more of a village's population. However, villages with lesser Bodo populations have also been included to ensure territorial continuity. . The BAC is to be organized with 38 departments, mostly corresponding to the subjects earmarked for autonomous district councils, such as education, forests, health, land, and revenue. But law and order was retained by the stat e, along with the right to dismiss the elected council under exceptional circumstances. (Legislative Branch, Assam Act No. 11, 1993) 8. The Accord also provided for the leaders of the movement to ensure the surrender of all arms, explosives, and ammunition by their followers, and bring those who had gone underground back into the national ainstream. All the rights of nontribals living in the BAC area were to be protected, and their language, culture, and land kept intact. [Memorandum of Settlement (Bodo Accord)]. So was the agitation really worth it? The 7 or 8 year long agitation, did it end in the fulfilment of the demands? An analysis of the Bodo accord reveals that the Bodos did not get all that it wanted. Firstly, they did not get the state separated as they would have wanted. Secondly, it was not a tripartite deal rather a bipartite deal with the state and the BAC.Thirdly, it was not a political accord as it was only an administrative institution. The law and order was to be m aintained by the state government. Fourthly, the leaders had to accept only half the area of they actually demanded. It includes 2750 villages only rather than the 4635 initially demanded. Also the area of the BAC is still not defined. All these shortcomings have led to discontent among the Bodo people. The situation is very vulnerable and an outburst again is not far away. Infact a strife did take place in mid 2012 in Assam again.So we see that the there was unnecessary killing of people. The people of different religions and communities were rendered homeless. They had to live in refugee camps. The strife led to the destruction of the valuable forest and wildlife resources because the Bodo security force took shelter in the Manas wildlife reserve. The area was exploited indiscriminately by the security forces. But it seems that the lines of agreement did not do justice to the struggle. All the loss of lives seemed to be in vain the destruction of forests were in vain because they did not receive even half of their want.CONCLUSION We see that even if the state had earlier yielded to the linguistic reorganization of states in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s they are opposing now. The increasing opposition by the Central and State governments in the recent times has shown that the country is not ready for further divisions. Where they have initially supported the tribal groups in the border areas for the formation of states they are not supporting it now for further division. Thus, the Bodoland, Gorkhaland and Nagalim movement did not hold good. All these movements failed and statehood was not granted.

LAW 531 Week 1 Knowledge Check Essay

Which of the following is true of a corporation? Corporation owners are only taxed once on earnings. A corporation terminates upon the death of an owner. A corporation is a separate legal entity. Corporation shareholders are subject to unlimited personal liability. Correct 2 There are two general partners, each of whom contributes $5,000 in capital to a limited partnership. There are two limited partners, each of whom contributes $20,000. The total amount of capital contributed is $50,000. The limited partnership agreement does not stipulate how profits and losses are to be allocated. Assume that the limited partnership makes $300,000 in profits. Under the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (RULPA), how much would each partner receive? Each general partner would receive $30,000, and each limited partner would receive $120,000. Each general partner would receive $50,000, and each limited partner would receive $100,000. https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Quiz/Quiz.jsp?launchPresentationR†¦RIS:43590667&serverTime=2013-08-20T04:23:56.746+00:00#/view/result Page 1 of 6 8/19/13 9:24 PM Start Over All partners would receive $75,000, regardless of whether he or she is a general or limited partner. Each general partner would receive $120,000, and each limited partner would receive $30,000. Correct 3 Which of the following is true regarding mediation? A mediator does not make a decision or an award. If a settlement agreement is not reached in mediation, then the parties hire a new mediator. Was created by the Federal Mediation Act of 1925. A settlement agreement is never reached with a mediator. Correct 4 George has served Mary with a complaint alleging breach of contract. Mary has never been sued before and as such, she seeks your advice on what to do with the complaint. You advise that she answer George’s complaint but do not provide any affirmative defenses that George can use against her answer George’s complaint by admitting or denying the allegations George has asserted against her write a letter to the judge saying that George is mistaken should not respond to George’s complaint as an answer implies an admission Correct 5 Which of the following is true of arbitration? A judicial referee makes recommendations to the parties. One party usually drops the case. Parties can introduce evidence to support their case. A resolution may or may not be reached. Correct https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Quiz/Quiz.jsp?launchPresentationR†¦RIS:43590667&serverTime=2013-08-20T04:23:56.746+00:00#/view/result Page 2 of 6 8/19/13 9:24 PM 6 Which of the following is one of the major purposes of a settlement conference? To conduct discovery for a case To contest the local court rules To facilitate the settlement of a case To structure a settlement payment schedule Correct 7 What is the effect of having a corporation as the general partner of a limited partnership? Each shareholder of the corporation will be treated as a limited partner of the limited partnership. The liability of the corporate general partner will be limited to the amount of its assets. The limited liability of the corporation will result in the limited partners having greater liability than they would otherwise. Each shareholder of the corporation will be treated as a general partner of the limited partnership. Correct 8 Which of the following is true about the choice of business entity for an entrepreneur? The choice is determined by the Internal Revenue Service based on all the facts and circumstances. The choice takes into account many factors, including finding an option that has all the characteristics desired. The choice is determined solely by whether the primary business is services or goods. The choice is determined solely by the amount of capital invested. Correct 9 Which form of alternative dispute resolution occurs when the parties choose an impartial third party to hear and decide their dispute? https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Quiz/Quiz.jsp?launchPresentationR†¦RIS:43590667&serverTime=2013-08-20T04:23:56.746+00:00#/view/result Page 3 of 6 8/19/13 9:24 PM Minitrial Arbitration Conciliation Mediation Correct 10 Fred and Ginger are general partners in a business. They decide to purchase a building for the partnership. Ginger will put up the money for the building, and Fred will complete the remodeling. While inspecting the building, Fred is informed that the building is packed full of asbestos. He fails to tell Ginger of the presence of the substance. They buy the building and go into business. During the remodeling of the building, people from the neighborhood begin complaining about the dust from the building. Some of them even threaten to sue. Who is liable? Fred is liable because he was put on notice of the presence of the substance. Ginger is not liable because she did not have actual knowledge. Neither Ginger nor Fred are liable personally, nor is the partnership, as they did not put the substance in the building. Both Ginger and Fred are liable, regardless of the circumstances, by virtue of the fact that they are partners. Ginger is liable because she is the one who purchased the building. Fred is not liable, even though he had actual knowledge, because he did not purchase the building. Correct 11 Martha started a flower shop as a sole proprietor. After 1 year, she was forced to close the shop because business was so bad. At that time, the business assets totaled $50,000, but the business liabilities totaled $125,000. Which of the following statements is true? Martha’s business creditors can collect only the $50,000 of business assets. Once Martha terminates the sole proprietorship, she is no longer liable for the $50,000. Martha’s business creditors can collect only the $50,000 now, but if Martha ever goes into business again, they can get the assets of the new business. Martha is personally liable for the additional $75,000 owed to business creditors. Correct https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Quiz/Quiz.jsp?launchPresentationR†¦RIS:43590667&serverTime=2013-08-20T04:23:56.746+00:00#/view/result Page 4 of 6 8/19/13 9:24 PM 12 Which type of business formation is typically reserved for professionals such as accountants, lawyers, and doctors? Limited Liability Company (LLC) Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Franchise S-Corporation Correct 13 Which of the following is true in the creation of a general partnership? The name selected cannot indicate that it is a corporation. The business name must have the names of all the partners. The business cannot operate under a trade name. The business name cannot be a fictitious name. Correct 14 Which of the following is true of The Federal Arbitration Act? It permits an appeal for all arbitration awards. It provides that arbitration agreements are valid, irrevocable, and enforceable. It applies only to breach of contract disputes. It governs all types of alternative dispute resolution. Correct 15 When parties agree in advance to adhere to an arbitrator’s decision and award, it is known as binding arbitration https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Quiz/Quiz.jsp?launchPresentationR†¦RIS:43590667&serverTime=2013-08-20T04:23:56.746+00:00#/view/result Page 5 of 6 8/19/13 9:24 PM arbitrator discretion appealable mediation Correct 16 The Black Squirrel limited partnership has been in operation for many years, but has recently fallen on hard times. The partners have decided to dissolve, although there are few assets remaining in the partnership. Shortly after the partnership filed its certificate of limited partnership, the partners had the foresight to incorporate into their partnership agreement a provision that, in the event of dissolution, the assets would be distributed in payment of claims first to limited partners, then to general partners, then to creditors. Hilda is a limited partner and feels relieved that she will receive at least a portion of her capital. Henry, one of the general partners, said that this provision is void and unenforceable. Which of the following best describes this situation? The provision placing limited partners ahead of general partners is unenforceable, thus all partners would be on an equal footing and ahead of creditors. The provision placing the partners ahead of creditors is not enforceable, but the priority of limited partners over general partners is enforceable. The distribution of assets in the event of dissolution is one of the few provisions where the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act does not allow modification. The distribution, as called for in the agreement, would be enforceable if it had been included in any filings related to the limited partnership. Incorrect https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Quiz/Quiz.jsp?launchPresentationR†¦RIS:43590667&serverTime=2013-08-20T04:23:56.746+00:00#/view/result

Why George W. Bush Should Not Be Reelected essays

Why George W. Bush Should Not Be Reelected essays The decision of any electorate to reelect the current presidential incumbent is usually contingent on his or her performance on important issues such as economic development, social justice, and foreign policy. Though the domestic economy has been the deciding factor in most U.S. presidential races, the Republican Party elevated September 11th and Homeland Security to the top of its political agenda in 2002 congressional campaign, based on which it won the Senate. Given its previous success and the recent increase in poll ratings post Saddam's capture, it is likely to feature prominently in the 2004 elections as well. While one more, unfortunate terrorist incident may well swing public opinion overwhelmingly in favor of Bush and the Republicans, the American public would do well to remember the democratic values it stands for and the fact that the Iraq war has not only undermined those values but taken a heavy toll of American As things stand, it does appear that the American electorate is divided in its opinion. A recent CBS News poll, in fact, shows that the president's overall job approval rating of 50% ties with the lowest ratings he has received since assuming office, and his disapproval rating (45%) is at its highest. Significantly, ratings on his ability to handle an international crisis, and perceptions of the respect he receives from international leaders has fallen back to pre-9/11 levels, after have risen sharply in the wake of the terrorist attacks and the capture of Saddam Hussein. The fall in ratings is attributed to continuing attacks on American troops in Iraq, and the costs of the war (CBS News Polls, Jan. 17, These ratings match similar findings by other polls. The Los Angeles Times poll, for instance, reveals that Americans remained split along lines of gender, race, and cultural values on the issue of Bush's reelection, with 42% stating that Bush...

Unit7 dsc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit7 dsc - Essay Example It is to be remembered that for paraphrased material, there is no need to include page or paragraph numbers. Among the best ways of integrating sources into one’s writing is by using signal phrase. Signal phrases are mainly used to mark the borders between the writer’s words and the source material. The use of signal phrases should not leave the readers guessing why a quotation has been used in the paper. After a signal phrase has been used, it is also important to follow it up with exploiting discussions or interpretive remarks so as to provide the link with the papers argument. A good example of how to integrate sources into writing is given here. â€Å"Its a good idea to embed a quotation--especially a long one--between sentences of your own.† (Diana 2005). The other way is Diana (2005) stated that â€Å"Its a good idea to embed a quotation--especially a long one--between sentences of your own† (p. 98). Whenever there is a quotation of less than 40 words, it is necessary to enclose the text in double quotation marks. Additionally, â€Å"quotations containing more than 40 words are indented in a block format without quotation marks† (APA, 2010, p.

We were soldiers - movie on leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

We were soldiers - movie on leadership - Essay Example Lt .Col Moore’s wife like her husband is also portrayed as a leader in the film. Julie Moore demonstrates to the viewers of her leadership capabilities when she decides to take the initiative of delivering telegrams to the families of soldiers. A good leader is one who is empathetic, respectful and understanding. Julie Moore gives a clear demonstration of these leadership skills. During the war, U.S soldiers died in the battle field (We Were Soldiers). The news of their death as depicted in the film was delivered through telegrams. In one of the scenes, cabs were hired to deliver the telegrams containing the sad news (We Were Soldiers). When she learns of this, she takes the initiative of having the telegrams delivered to her and she, in turn, delivers to each family. She is mindful of the family’s emotions and goes ahead to comfort them. Delivering the news personally shows that she takes care of people. Lt. Col.Moore is no doubt an entrepreneurial leader. He is entrepreneurial in the various ways. One of the ways is when he makes a speech in one of the scenes. In his speech, he was able to convince the soldiers to perceive their situation as he perceived it. He tells the soldiers that he cannot guarantee that they will not die, but he promises that they will all return home (We Were Soldiers). He also reminds the soldiers that they are at war to secure their families a better future. He instills hope in his soldiers. He sets the pace by telling them he will be there throughout the war.